ACCA复习资料

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    CH2 business envi---PESTEL


      宏观环境——PESTEL
      微观环境——Porter‘s 5 force
      组织——value chain
      模型理论不要混用!

      1.PESTEL analyzes
      Political and legal
      Economic
      Social & environmental
      Technological
      i.e——PEST

      1.1Political factors(不常考)
      a.government》》》organization
      eg:1. Political stability政局是否稳定
      2.capacity expansion产能影响,通过tax relief/subsidies税收和补贴
      3.emerging industries新兴产业可能会扶持,也可能打压
      4.entry barriers进入壁垒,例如:tariffs关税
      5.competition阻止收/并购

      b. organization>>>government
      employ lobbyists游说,组织请人游说立法者,动摇或影响国会立法议员
      influence public opinion影响舆论

      1.2 Social factors
      Demographic trend人口趋势
      Social trend
      Cultural trend
      1.2.1 demographic trend
      a. population and the labour market
      例如人口老龄化,the aging problem——low birth rate, low death rate, low marriage rate
      以及increasing participation of women——服务产业的兴起service sector
      应对方法(参考)多招应届毕业生,或兼职员工,HR要熟悉人口趋势;考虑使用AI
      可能造成:更多医疗需求,社会服务以及养老金;更少的教育需求;更高的失业率
      b.family life cycle
      ——marriage, birth and deaths, reflected in the family’s income and consumption

      1.2.2 Social trend- social class
      Divided into broad strata穷人阶级和富人阶级
      Share common features

      1.2.3 Cultural trends
      a. health and diet issued轻食,有机食品,健身等
      如何影响组织?商品的需求增加,供给也会增加
      b.environmentalism
      (green products, renewable materials, sustainability development

      1.3 the impact of technology
      1.3.1 General effects(考的不多)
      AI: 人工智能
      Blockchain: 区块链
      Cloud Computing/Service: 云计算
      Big Data:大数据

      1.3.2 The impact on organization structure
      a. Span of control 控制范围
      ——number of subordinates directly responsible to a superior一个上级所直接控制的下属的数量
      影响:a wider span of control
      b.tall and flat organizations
      ——many management layers; few layers
      c.delayering & downsizing去层级化
      delayer:去middle management【横向,层级减少】
      downsize裁员:streamline the organisation’s number of existing employees【竖向,层级数量不减,每层员工减少】
      *only delayering brings about a structural change造成结构变化

      1.3.3 Outsourcing and offshoring
      a. Definition
      Outsourcing ——contracting out tasks, operations, or processes to an external third party.
      外包,签合同让第三方做公司内部的事
      Offshoring means the practice of outsourcing overseas
      离岸外包
      b. Appraisal of outsourcing
      好处:removing uncertainty of cost减少成本不确定性;flexibility(对外部环境变化迅速作出反应); professionalism(专业化,各司其职)
      缺点: risky to outsource confidential information(泄露商业机密);locked in contract(违约的后果?); loss of competitive advantage(丧失核心优势); ineffective management/sacrifice control(把控制权交出去,被动的,因为第三方可能有很多客户,工作效率取决于第三方)

      1.4 Environmental factors不怎么考
      Economic activities>>>environment
      Environmental cost>>>organization

      1.5 Legal environment
      Employment protection ★
      Data protection and security ★
      Health and safety ?
      Consumer protection

      1.5.1 Employment protection law劳动者保护法
      Termination of employment 终止劳动关系(可能出现纠纷)
      ? Retirement 退休
      ? Resignation 辞职 (需要告知离职原因)
      ? Dismissal 解雇
      不被接受的解雇的种类:constructive dismissal推定解雇——deemed dismissal, employer repudiates some essential term of the contract因为雇主擅自篡改劳动合同,有员工主动提出离职,推定是解雇的一种(雇主犯错在先)
      Wrongful dismissal——the method of dismissal, EG: the employer has dismissed an employee with less than the statutory minimum period of notice
      Unfair dismissal——dismissal without good reasons, EG: ? Joining a trade union ? Applying for maternity 产假, paternity 陪产假 and adoption leave 领养假 ? Being forced to retire ? Belief- cannot work on Saturday
      ? Redundancy 冗员——a fair dismissal人太多了
      EG:公司停止运作、公司还在,但相关岗位需求没有了

      1.5.2 Data protection and security law
      protecting all living individuals’ regulated data 活着的个体,合法合规的数据
      a. Protect individual privacy in any form (soft/hard copy)
      b. Harmonize data protection legislation

      以下内容了解即可:

      1.5.3 Health and safety law

      1.5.4 Consumer protection law消费者保护法(仅在此门课不怎么考)
      Contract-A contract is a legally binding agreement which means if one party fails to carry out the agreement; the other party can take legal action against him for breach of contract
      包括:
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