六级邪修速成教程

　　【任务13：请宿主在6h内完成本次阅读真题，并保证正答率高于60%。任务奖励：200积分。】

　　22年6月阅读真题

　　The Doctor Will Skype（网络电话） You Now

　　A) Fazila is a young woman that has been dealing with eczema (湿疹), a common skin condition, for the past five years, but never got it treated. The nearest hospital is an hour away, by boat and bus, and her skin condition didn't seem serious enough to make the trek, so she ignored it-until a new technology brought the doctor to her. Fazila lives on one of the remote river islands in northern Bangladesh（孟加拉国）. These islands are low-lying. temporary sand islands that are continuously formed and destroyed through sand buildup and erosion（侵蚀）. They are home to over six million people, who face repeated displacement（取代） from flooding and erosion-which may be getting worse because of climate change--and a range of health risks, including poor nutrition, malaria(疟疾) and other water-borne （水传播的）diseases

　　B)The most dangerous thing for these remote island dwellers（居民） is land erosion. The second is lack of access to medical supplies and doctors. There are no doctors within miles, and while child mortality and maternal（母亲的） death have gone down in the rest of the country, this is not the case for the islands. The medical situation is so bad that it really takes away from the quality of their life. Yet for many island inhabitants--some of Bangladesh's poorest--paying for health care is a costly ordeal（折磨）. Victims of erosion lose their houses, agricultural land and jobs as farmers, fishermen and day laborers. Though government hospitals are free, many people hesitate to go, citing long commutes, endless lines and questionable diagnoses. For convenience's sake（方便起见）, one-third of rural households visit unqualified village doctors, who rely on unscientific methods of treatment, according to a 2016 study in the peer-reviewed journal Global Health Action.

　　C) On the islands, there's even a colloquial (口头的)expression for the idea of making medical care your lowest priority（最低优先级）: It's known as “rog pushai rakha”in Bengali, which roughly translates to“stockpiling（囤积） their diseases"-waiting to seek medical attention until a condition becomes extremely serious. Now, a new virtual medical service called Teledaktar (TD) is trying to make health care more easily accessible. Every week, TD's medical operators travel to the islands by boat, carrying a laptop, a portable printer for prescriptions （打印药方）and tools to run basic medical screenings such as blood pressure, blood sugar, body temperature and weight. They choose an area of the island with the best Internet reception and set up a makeshift (临时凑合的) medical center which consists of plastic stools and small tables borrowed from the locals' homes, a tent in case of rain and a sheet that is strung up to give the patients privacy during their session.

　　D) Launched in October 2018, TD has eight centers in towns and villages across rural Bangladesh and on three islands. It is funded by a nonprofit organization founded by Bangladeshi entrepreneurs, finance and technology professionals. Inside the center, the laptop screen lights up to reveal Dr. Tina Mustahid, TD's head physician（主治医生）, live-streamed(网络直播) from the capital city of Dhaka for free remote medical consultations（咨询）. Affectionately （亲切的）called Doctor Apa一“older sister” in Bengali--by her patients, she is one of three volunteer doctors at TD

　　E) “I diagnose them through conversation,” says Dr. Mustahid.“Sometimes it’s really obvious things that local doctors don't have the patience to talk through with their patients. For example, a common complaint mothers come in with is that their children refuse to eat their meals. The mothers are concerned they are dealing with indigestion,but it's because they are feeding the children packaged chips which are cheap and convenient. I tell them it is ruining their appetite and ask them to cut back on unhealthy snacks.”Dr. Mustahid says building awareness about health and nutrition is important for island patients who are cut off from mainland resources.

　　F) Even off the islands, Bangladesh faces a critical deficit（短缺） of health services. The country has half the doctors-per-person ratio recommended by the World Health Organization roughly one doctor per 2,000 people, instead of one doctor per 1,000 people. And of those physicians, many are concentrated in cities: 70% of the country's population live in rural areas, yet less than 20% of health workers practice there. Over 70% of TD's3,000 patients are female, in part because many are not comfortable speaking with local doctors who tend to be male. The rural women are mostly not literate or confident enough to travel on their own to the nearest town to visit medical facilities. Many have spent their entire lives rebuilding their homes when the islands flood. Early marriage and young motherhood, which are prevalent in these parts of Bangladesh, also contribute to the early onset of health problems.

　　G) For most TD patients on the islands, Dr. Mustahid is the first big-city doctor that
　　they 've ever consulted. TD doctors are not meant to treat serious illnesses or conditions that require a doctor to be physically present, such as pregnancy. But they can write prescriptions, diagnose common ailments（疾病）--including digestive issues, joint pain, skin diseases, fever and the common cold-and refer patients to doctors at local hospitals The visit is also an opportunity for the patients, especially women, to air their concerns about aging, motherhood and reproductive health according to Dr. Mustahid. The doctors also offer health, dietary and lifestyle advice where necessary, including insight on everything from recognizing postnatal (产后的) depression to daily exercise. Dr. Mustahid regularly recommends her patients to take a daily thirty-minute morning walk before the sun gets too intense

　　H) After a few sessions about general health issues Fazila finally opened up about something else that was bothering her: her persistent skin condition. It can get expensive to travel to the doctor, so usually the women living on the islands describe their illness to their husbands. The husbands then go to the pharmacy（药房）, try to describe the issue and return home with some random medicines. Nothing worked for Fazila until she started seeing Dr. Apa.

　　Other nonprofits are also starting to provide health services on the islands. A local non-governmental organization called Friendship operates floating boat hospitals that provide health services to islands all over Bangladesh, docking （停靠）at each for two months at a time. Friendship also runs satellite clinics in which one doctor and one clinic aide who are residents of the community disperse （传播）health and hygiene information.

　　J) TD still has a few major challenges. Many residents complain the medicines they are
　　prescribed are sometimes unaffordable, but the government isn't doing enough for them. Patients often ask why the medicine isn't free along with the consultation from the doctors. The organizations are linked to local pharmacies and offer discounts to the patients and make sure to prescribe the most cost-effective brands, but still many residents can't afford even that.

　　K) Nevertheless, TD’s remote consultations seem to be popular: Of 3,000 patients, at least 200 have returned for follow-ups, according to TD. The reason, explains one resident, might be the simple gesture of treating the island inhabitants with respect. “Dr. Apa is patient," he says, “At government hospitals, the doctors treat us very badly, but here they listen to us, I can repeat myself many times and no one gets annoyed."

　　36. Some children on the remote islands won't eat their meals because they are fed cheap junk food.

　　37. Unlike other parts of Bangladesh, the number of women who die from giving birth
　　remains high on the river islands.

　　38. One big problem many islanders have is that they can't afford the prescribed medicines,even with discounts offered.

　　39.TD is a virtual medical service financially supported by one of the nation's nonprofit
　　organizations.

　　40. TD doctors are welcome to the islanders because they treat the sick with respect and
　　patience.

　　41.Women islanders tend to have health problems early partly because they get married and give birth early.

　　42. TD doctors make weekly visits to the remote islands to provide services at a temporary medical center.

　　43.TD doctors provide the islanders with online diagnoses and treatments for common
　　diseases.

　　44.The residents of the river islands have to keep moving their homes because of floods
　　and land erosions.

　　45.Women islanders usually rely on their husbands to get some medicines for them without diagnoses and prescriptions.

　　Selective colleges and universities in the U.S. are under fire （受到抨击）for being too elite （精英化）and too expensive, and for not training graduates for the world of work. Such charges （指责） ignore the fact that these institutions continue to prepare students for success in their work, for thoughtful engagement in civic life, for lifelong learning, and for understanding the world and those with whom they live.
　　These colleges and universities must be doing something right. Applications are at record highs, and their financial aid programs make them more accessible than ever. This model of education has long played a central role in creating opportunity, driving economic growth, and spurring（激励） innovation.
　　Yet, there is growing skepticism about the value of this model. The recent tax reform bill is a wake-up call that our strongest colleges and universities are under assault（攻击） by some in government. The initial proposals would have made education unaffordable for many by taxing tuition waivers for graduate students and ending deductions （扣除）for student loan interest. Thankfully, these provisions （规定）were ultimately stripped from （删除）the bill（法案）, but lawmakers let stand a new tax on the investment income of some colleges and universities.
　　While these attacks are motivated by misguided ideas, we need to do a better job of explaining why these claims are false and why what we do is valuable. We cannot take for granted that any of this is obvious.
　　It is often said that elite colleges and universities do not train students, particularly those who study the liberal arts, for the workforce. But this can be refuted by scholarly research. The data are clear: a liberal arts education is great career preparation, both for excellent lifetime earnings and for satisfaction with the work. This education develops the skills of critical thinking, rigorous（严格的） analysis of data and facts, communication with the written and spoken word, understanding of cultural differences and issues, and the ability to keep learning. In fact, liberal arts graduates do extremely well in every imaginable field.

　　Access to an education at selective colleges and universities is now more available than ever to low-and middle-income families. We have built endowments（捐款） from donations by alumni(校友) and parents who understand and appreciate our mission（使命） to provide access and opportunity, and a significant portion of the returns from these endowments is used to fund financial aid.
　　Ironically（讽刺的）, the new tax on endowments drains financial aid funds from the very schools most able to offer opportunity to those who have earned a spot but cannot otherwise afford this education. Beyond the virtue of access to those who have earned a place at these schools, the diversity of economic backgrounds enhances the education and experience of all of our students.

　　46. What fact does the author emphasize concerning selective colleges and universities?
　　A) They have been ignoring the training of graduates for the world of work.
　　B) They have been doing well in ensuring their students a successful future.
　　C) They have been constantly attacked for being too elite and too expensive.
　　D) They have been actively engaged in civic life beyond the school campus.

　　47. What does the author say in arguing for the model of education in the U.S.?
　　A) It has contributed substantially to the nation's overall development.
　　B) It has succeeded in maintaining sustainable financial aid programs
　　C) It has given priority to innovative programs for graduate studies.
　　D) It has played a central role in attracting international applicants.

　　48. What do we learn about the initial proposals concerning the recent tax reform bill?
　　A) They would have stripped （剥夺）many students of life's chances.
　　B) They would have deducted graduate student loan interest.
　　C) They would have added to many students' financial burden.
　　D) They would have increased the number of tuition waivers.

　　49. What do the data show about elite colleges and universities?
　　A) Their graduates lack the rigor required for doing statistical （统计）analysis.
　　B) Their students prove to be inadequately（不足） prepared for their future careers.
　　C) Their focus on research is conducive to developing students’critical thinking.
　　D) Their liberal arts education（文科教育） enables graduates to excel in（出类拔萃） whatever field they are in.

　　50.What is an advantage of providing financial aid for students?
　　A) Every student can choose the institution they wish to attend.
　　B) All students can benefit from a diversified student population.
　　C) All students will be able to earn a place （获得一席之地）on university campus.
　　D) Less privileged （条件更差的）students will be more competitive at elite schools

　　Key:BACDB

　　When a group of Australians was asked why they believed climate change was not happening, about 36% said it was “common sense", according to a report published last year by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. This was the most popular reason for their opinion, with only 11% saying their belief that climate change was not happening was based on scientific research.
　　But what do we mean by an appeal to common sense? Presumably（大概） it's an appeal to rationality of some sort that forms the basis of more complex reasoning. The appeal to common sense, however, is usually nothing more than an appeal to thinking that just feels right, but what feels right to one person may not feel right to another. Whether it feels right is usually a reflection of the world view and ideologies we have internalised, and that frames how we interact with new ideas. When new ideas are in accord with what we already believe, they are more readily accepted. When they are not, they, and the arguments that lead to them, are more readily rejected.
　　We often mistake this automatic compatibility testing of new ideas with existing beliefs as an application of common sense, but, in reality, it is more about judging than thinking. As Nobelist（诺贝尔奖得主) Daniel Kahneman notes in Thinking, Fast and Slow, when we arrive at conclusions in this way, the outcomes also feel true, regardless of whether they are. We are not psychologically well equipped to judge our own thinking.
　　We are also highly susceptible to a range of cognitive biases such as giving preference to the first things that come to mind when making decisions or giving weight to evidence.
　　One way we can check our internal biases and inconsistencies （矛盾）is through the social verification（查证） of knowledge, in which we test our ideas in a rigorous（严格的） and systematic （系统的）way to see if they make sense not just to us, but to other people. The outstanding example of this socially shared cognition is science.
　　That does not mean that individuals are not capable of excellent thinking, nor does it mean no individual is rational. But the extent to which individuals can do this on their own is a function of how well integrated （整合）they are with communities of systematic inquiry in the first place. You can't learn to think well by yourself.
　　In matters of science at least, those who value their common sense over methodological, collaborative（合作的） investigation imagine themselves to be more free in their thinking, unbound by involvement with the group, but in reality they are tightly bound by their capabilities and perspectives. We are smarter together than we are individually, and perhaps that's just common sense.

　　51. What does the author intend to show by citing the findings from the report published
　　last year?
　　A) People seldom appeal to rationality in their thinking.
　　B) It is often the case that truth lies in the hands of a few. （真理掌握在少数人手中）
　　C) Common sense and science are the two sides of a coin.
　　D) Few people know if climate change is really happening.

　　52.What is the appeal to common sense according to the author?
　　A) It is the basis for the internalisation of individuals’ideologies.
　　B) It is a series of conceptions formulated from complex reasoning. （推理）
　　C) It is collective wisdom that helps people interact with new ideas
　　D) It is something subjective based on what one perceives to be right.

　　53. What does Daniel Kahneman think is the problem of testing new ideas with existing beliefs?
　　A) It may lead to incorrect judgment.
　　B)It makes no use of common sense.
　　C) It fails to correct mistakes through serious reasoning,
　　D) It can produce psychologically unacceptable outcomes.

　　54.What can we do to be less susceptible to cognitive biases?（认知偏见）
　　A) Give equal weight to evidence of both sides in a conflict.
　　B) Provide convincing examples in developing an argument.
　　C) Establish socially shared cognition via（通过 ） scientific methods.
　　D) Avoid inconsistencies when addressing controversial issues.

　　55.What message does the author try to convey at the end of the passage?
　　A) Multiple perspectives stimulate people's interest in exploring the unknown.
　　B) Individuals can enhance their overall capabilities by interacting with others.
　　C) Individuals should think freely to break from the restrictions of common sense.
　　D) Collaborative efforts can overcome individuals limitations in scientific inquiry.

　　Key:ADACD

　　Saving Our Planet

　　A) In the long view, the human relationship with forests has been one of brutal （残忍的）destruction,but even it carries elements of slow hope. In the Middle Ages, there was no shortage of timber（木材） in most parts of the world, and few saw cutting down forests as a problem. Yet in1548 the people of Venice estimated that an important timber supply would last only 30 years at their current rate of usage-but different forest management would make it possible to meet the demand for many centuries to come. The idea of preserving resources came out of a concern for the future: a fear of using up resources faster than they could be replenished(补充).

　　B) Economic interests（经济利益） were at the core of this understanding of trees and forests. It would take more than three centuries before scientists began to understand that timber production is not the only, and possibly not the most important, function of forests. The late 19th and early 20th century saw an increasing recognition that forests serve as habitats for countless animal and plant species that all rely on each other. They take over protective functions against soil erosion（水土流失） and landslides (塌方); they make a significant contribution to the water balance as they prevent surface runoff（径流）, they filter（过滤） dirt particles（尘埃颗粒）, greenhouse gases and radioactive（放射性的） substances from the air; they produce oxygen; they provide spaces for recreation and they preserve historicand prehistoric remains（史前遗迹）. As a result, forests around the world have been set aside as parks or wilderness areas.

　　C) Recent years have seen a big change in our view of forests. Peter Wohlleben's book The
　　Hidden Life of Trees(2015), an international bestseller, suggests that trees can warn each other of danger through a“wood wide web” of roots and fungi(真菌).They support each other through sharing of nutrients and information, and they even keep ancient stumps alive by feeding them solutions of sugars. Such insights have made us aware of deep ecological relationships between humans and the more-than-human world.

　　D) Awareness of ecologies is a recent phenomenon. It was not until the 1940s that the concept of the “environment” embracing all living and nonliving things developed. In the1970s, the term“environment” gained currency, becoming widely adopted in the English and Romance languages, and as “Umwelt”(“surrounding world") in German. The emergence of the idea led to the rise of environmental agencies, regulations and environmental studies, and to environmental science as new, integrated academic disciplines. It was in 1956 that the very first bachelor （学位）of science in environmental studies was awarded, at the State University of New York College of Forestry at Syracuse. Since the 1970s--with the rise of “environmentalism"environmental studies programmes have sprung up （兴起）at hundreds of universities. There is (slow) hope in the fact that scholars from many different disciplines have adopted the term“environment”over the past decades. They are exploring intricate connections within and between complex ecologies, as well as the impact that human environment-making(through techno-industrial, economic and other manipulative developments) has had on the biosphere（生物圈）.

　　E) The rise of the idea of the environment and a scholarly understanding of ecological processes has influenced new technologies and also politics. We have come to ask questions about vulnerability（脆弱性） and risk, world ecologies, and the relationship between nature and power. The search for an adequate （充足的）response to climate change occupies centre stage in international diplomacy.（外交）

　　F) Social and environmental activists, scientists and indigenous groups have called the Paris Agreement of the United Nations Climate Change Conference in December 2015 insufficient（不足）, weak, or compromised（妥协的）. To some extent, they are right: climate change has already destroyed tens of thousands of livelihoods, and the situation will worsen in the near future for millions of mostly poorer people, who will join the ranks of those who have already been displaced by climate change and extreme weather events. But the Paris Conference nevertheless（然而） marked a historic step toward the recognition of the need for action on climate change, the cutting of carbon emissions, and world cooperation. There were 195 nations that came to the table in Paris and agreed to limits on emissions. Historically, nothing comparable had happened prior to this. Before the20th century, a handful of scientists had been interested in the theoretical relationship between greenhouse gases and climate change, but only the empirical（经验主义的） evidence accumulated since the late 20th century established a clear connection between the burning of fossil fuels and a vastly （广大的）accelerated rise in global temperatures.

　　G) The current crisis is not the first that humans have encountered, and a look at the
　　struggles with pollution in recent history reveals transformations that once seemed unimaginable. The“London fog”that came to define the capital through British novels and thrillers is in reality smog or smoke, a legacy（遗产） of industrialisation. After a century of ignorance, London was hit by the Great Smog of December 1952-the worst air-pollution event in the history of the United Kingdom which caused the deaths of approximately 12,000people. Shortly thereafter, public initiatives and political campaigns led to strict regulations and new laws, including the Clean Air Act (1956). Today, London has effectively reduced traffic emissions through the introduction of a Congestion Charge Zone in 2003, and an Ultra Low Emission Zone in 2019.

　　H) Scientific evidence that we are living in an era of climate change, resource exhaustion （枯竭）and potential ecological disaster is overwhelming. How do we motivate a public exhausted by never-ending scenarios（情景） of doom（厄运） and disaster, when the challenges seem so huge and so impossible to solve? Statistics about extinction and the gloom of decline will not in themselves get us out of our often self-created ecological traps: instead, they are more likely to result in paralysis（瘫痪） and inaction（不作为）.

　　I)We need stories and histories of change and transformation: ecological stories that make us confront（面对） the fact that human power is potentially destructive, and that the survival of our species on this planet depends on the preservation of soil and water, and the habitats and ecological systems.

　　J) It is time that we showed successes and accelerations in ecological awareness, action and restoration: stories that include past successes and future visions about the rise of urban gardening and of renaturalised（再自然化） riverscapes, of successful protests against polluted air and water, of the rise of regional markets and slow food, and the planting of trees around the globe, of initiatives and enterprises（企业） that work towards ecological restoration. The reality of ecological curses （诅咒）seems far greater than the power of the hopes left at the bottom of Pandora's box（潘多拉魔盒）. But if we believe that nothing can be changed, then we are giving up our opportunity to act.

　　K) Today's saving powers will not come from a deus ex machina(解围之神).In an ever-more complex and synthetic world, our saving powers won't come from a single source, and certainly not from a too-big-to-fail approach or from those who have been drawn into the whirlpool （漩涡）of our age of speed. Hope can work as a wakeup call. It acknowledges setbacks（挫折）. The concept of slow hope suggests that we can't expect things to change overnight. If the ever-faster exhaustion of natural resources (in ecological terms) and the “shrinking of the present”(in social terms) are urgent problems of humans, then cutting down on exhaustive practices and working towards a “stretching of the present”（当下的延伸） will be ways to move forward.

　　36.Climate change has wrought havoc （大破坏）on the lives of tens of thousands of people.

　　37. It took scientists a long time to realise that the function of forests goes far beyond providing humans with timber.

　　38. There is abundant evidence that we are now facing a possible ecological disaster.

　　39. Environmental science became academic disciplines only some sixty years ago

　　40.Things cannot change overnight, but reducing the consumption of natural resources will
　　help solve the ecological crisis.

　　41. Human perception （认知）of forests has undergone a tremendous change in the past years.

　　42.Recent history shows reduction of pollution, once seemingly impossible, can actually
　　be accomplished.

　　43. People began to consider preserving natural resources when they feared they would
　　have nothing to use in the future.

　　44.If we doubt our ability to reverse（扭转） ecological deterioration, we are throwing away the chance to take action.

　　45.How to respond effectively to climate change has become the focus of international diplomacy.

　　Since American idol star Taryn Southern started composing music with AI in 2017, musicians all over the world have begun wondering about the implications （关注）of AI and modern technology where music production is concerned. Using AI in the creation of music is perceived by some as a helpful tool and by others as almost “the beginning of the end”.
　　In Taryn's case, AI software enabled her to communicate melodies and chords that she didn't know how to put together herself. The end product was therefore a collaborative effort, rather than a piece entirely produced by technology. Taryn's story has a distinctly positive feel that highlights the advantages of using AI in music production. It can serve as a source of inspiration, and as an ideal jumping-off point should a musician be hit with writer's block (文思枯竭).

　　Contrary to seeing AI as a tool, some musicians consider it to be hugely detrimental （有害的）to the music scene. At the moment, because such technology is still so young, the music it's producing is not necessarily what we want to hear. In short, it's not of great quality. Those who have produced their own music, or even fans of authentic, artistic music, will also argue that a computer could never emulate（模仿） the work (and human touch) of a true musician.

　　Music has been an integral （不可或缺的）part of the story of humans for ages; in fact, the first known piece of music is believed to be around 3,400 years old. Songs have long been used as a means of communicating messages and folk stories, covering everything from societal ethics to world history. Since many people see music as such an inherently （固有的）human expression, it is often considered as too precious to impart to technology. The thought of a computer generating a“random”piece of music that hasn't been painstakingly （煞费苦心的）created by an artist is almost seen as sacrilegious (亵渎神圣的).

　　Regardless of which side of the argument you fall on, it seems likely that the use of AI in music production will only become more frequent. Our modern world is preoccupied （充斥着）with technological advancements. Instead of shying away from（回避） the idea of this bleak future, the best approach to take is one of optimism （乐观的）and curiosity. While there are always bound to be stubborn old-school musicians who refuse to use tech, music producers should consider AI as something to be embraced. AI music software is still very much in its infancy（婴儿）, but with more investors interested in the development and outcomes of such technology, and considering the rapid growth rate of other tech advances in recent years, it's only a matter of time before AI-produced music is seen as the new norm（新常态）.

　　46. How do some musicians perceive using AI in creating music?
　　A) It would help to produce more music idols.
　　B) It would be detrimental to music production.
　　C) It would hinder（妨碍） the understanding of authentic music.
　　D) It would be the beginning of a new era in music creation

　　47.What does Taryn Southern's story illustrate?
　　A) AI technology is conducive （有利于）to music composition.（创作）
　　B) Musicians will be unable to create music without high tech.
　　C) Musicians are often at their wits, end in their creative effort.
　　D) AI technology is indispensable（不可或缺的） to creating melodies and chords.

　　48.Why are some musicians opposed to the use of AI in creating music?
　　A) Music produced with AI technology lacks humanness.
　　B) Music created with AI technology is easily emulated.
　　C) It will depreciate （贬低）humans’ role in music composition.
　　D) It will deplete（耗尽） young musicians’creative inspiration.

　　49. Why do many people think music is too precious to impart to AI technology?
　　A) It cannot be created without pains.
　　B) It cannot be produced at random.
　　C) It is part of human life.
　　D) It is human specific.

　　50. What does the author think of the future of AI music?
　　A) It will continue to arouse the interest of music investors.
　　B) It has the prospect of becoming the norm in the future.
　　C) It will be gradually accepted by old-school musicians.
　　D) It may eventually lose its freshness and appeal.（新鲜感和吸引力）

　　Key:BAADB

　　A few weeks ago, a well-meaning professor tried to explain the physiological process behind viruses and the human body in a tweet and was immediately criticized for a mistake in his information. He then issued an apology and deleted his erroneous （错误的）tweet.（推特）
　　Communicating science beyond the academic bubble is necessary to augmenting public understanding of health and environmental issues and helping individuals make well-informed personal decisions.
　　However, scientists who engage in science communication must acknowledge that even in their area, their expertise is deep but narrow. They need to recognize the constraints in their own knowledge. That is not to suggest that they only write or present on their own research, but rather, that they consult with an expert if the topic is outside of their discipline. Fact-checking with a scientist who works in the specialty will prevent the unintentional spread of misinformation, and the process of doing so may yield tiny pieces of interesting new information that can be incorporated.（合并的）
　　Some have argued that the public is not educated enough to understand scientific information, especially for any complex phenomena, but this is absurd. Science instruction can be found at all levels of public education with most secondary schools offering classes on biology, physics, and chemistry. If anything, social media has shown that the public craves knowledge based on a solid scientific foundation. Even the publicdiscourse that follows most scientific articles shows that online readers can understand even the most baffling of scientific principles.
　　It is equally imperative（必要的） to emphasize that being an expert on a topic does not automatically make a scholar qualified to communicate it to a nonscientific audience. A number of scientists recently have been offering public-aimed explanations of scientific phenomena. Even though they have appropriate credentials（证书）, they often do very little in the way of explaining. One biologist shared an intricate（复杂的） analogy（类比） involving a library, books, paper, a recipe, ingredients, and a cake to explain the process behind vaccines（疫苗）. Any explanation that requires a written key to keep track of what each item represents is not a clear example for public consumption.
　　Science communication is a science in and of itself. It requires rigorous training and instruction. A scientist should take communication courses that can teach a person how to identify and eliminate jargon and how to develop effective analogies to explain complex concepts. One cannot assume（假设） communication expertise-imagine if someone just decided that they were a physicist and started trying to contribute to the field without the necessary background. Doing a poor job communicating science to the public will only create confusion and widen the gap between science and society, a gap that scientists are trying to close.

　　51. What does the author say about communicating science to the general public?
　　A) It will help them to keep abreast（并列） of the latest scientific developments.
　　B) It is a necessary means to improve their understanding of scientific issues.
　　C) It will get them more involved in academic debates on environmental problems.
　　D) It is an effective way to augment scientists’ influence beyond the academic circle.

　　52. What does the author advise scientists do to deal with topics outside of their specialty?
　　A) Write or present on them from new angles.
　　B) Utilize(利用） information from diverse sources.
　　C) Turn to a specialist for professional help.
　　D) Fact-check with（核实） colleagues in their field

　　53. What does the author say we can learn from social media?
　　A) A solid academic foundation is essential to understanding baffling（令人困惑的） scientific principles.
　　B) Modern technology has facilitated communication between scientists and the public.
　　C) Scientific articles have gained increasing popularity among the general public.
　　D) The public's understanding of science is much better than some have claimed.

　　54. What does the example of the biologist who shared an intricate analogy show?
　　A) It is helpful to use illustrations in explaining scientific phenomena.
　　B) It is imperative to have appropriate titles to explain scientific issues.
　　C) A learned scholar is not necessarily a qualified science communicator.
　　D) A nonscientific audience cannot duly（充分的） understand principles of science.

　　55. What does the author suggest scientists do to close the gap between science and society?
　　A) Explain complex concepts scientifically.
　　B) Make appropriate use of scientific terms.
　　C) Take courses in public speaking.
　　D) Develop communication skills.

　　KEY:BCDCD

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